The concept of ‘Ambient Intelligence’ predicts a future where consumer electronic appliances will be characterized by their being seen only when necessary. One of the few visible embodiments will be displays, which will be omnipresent yet still blend seamlessly into the background. This requires a breakthrough in low-cost, reel-to-reel mass production of flexible displays, based on printing technology. This presentation focuses on several key developments that will lead the way towards that goal.
The preparation of multilayer structures by solution filmcoating techniques is difficult because of the solubility of the bottom layer onto which the top layer will be cast. The utilization of precursor polymers and their thermal conversion into an insoluble film well established for instance for poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) alleviates this problem. A different approach is to convert soluble monomers or pre-polymers containing polymerizable moieties either as side groups or in the main chain into an insoluble material using photo-crosslinking reactions. However, such materials often require additional thermal treatment to obtain an insoluble layer, leading to a drop in performance. Here, we report the properties of a series of photo-crosslinkable acrylate hole transport polymers based upon copolymerization of substituted bis(diarylarmino)-biphenyl acrylate monomers and cinnamate acrylate monomers, and their use in OLEDs, using AlQ3 as emitting material. Only few seconds of UV exposure using a commercial mask aligner under ambient conditions are necessary to obtain an insoluble hole-transport layer with stable performance. Lifetimes under constant current operation of devices using these polymers have been measured and compared to their small molecules evaporated equivalents. Fully spin-coated EL devices have been fabricated using a blend of polystyrene and AlQ3.
Recently, information equipments (ex. cellular phones, PDAs) have an impact on the business field, with the development of information-network technologies such as internet, wireless communication, high-speed CPU, large capacity of memory and so on.Looking at the other areas, new wave of information network are also surging our society, where homes, cars, education and so forth, and it will cause a drastic change in life style.Such a revolution of society will make the liquid-crystal display much worth than ever as a key component of novel products, because of the advantages of lighter weight, weight, thinner thickness, low-power consumption and excellent legibility. Especially, TFT-LCDs have been playing this important role, corresponding to the circumstances, and the performances of the LCDs have been remarkably improved with the spiral-up of core devices and applications, in recent years.This paper will describe such advances of TFT-LCDs in terms of display quality, resolution, size, power consumption and added values. It will also discuss the future prospects of TFT-LCDs reflecting several applications.
The advent of new solution based organic and inorganic/organic hybrid semiconductor material along with a desire for less expensive ways to produce large area electronic devices has stimulated research into non-conventional circuit patterning methods. We report on an inkjet based printing system which was constructed to facilitate the production of etch masks and electronic devices for large area applications such as displays and x-ray sensors. A multi-ejector wax print head was integrated for high accuracy, high throughput printing of etch masks and material exclusion zones in the processing of amorphous silicon and organic electronics circuitry. The same system also utilizes specialized single ejector print heads to deposit a wide variety of organic electronic materials for rapid turn experimentation required for materials and process development. Feature sizes down to 20μm and control of feature placement below 5μm are achieved. System design and capability will be discussed in the context of the resolution, throughput, material requirements and electronic device performance.
This talk is about “The New Business of Printing™” and how it's transforming the industry and re-writing the rules of printing, and potentially creating tremendous market opportunity. The New Business of Printing™ is all about capturing fast-rising revenue streams and incremental volume driven by what customers face every day— fast turnarounds, precise quantities, personalization and customization. Aligned with a new set of business imperatives: the move from make-then-sell to sell-thenmake; from mass production to mass customization; and from local to global business. These imperatives create lucrative opportunities for printing that is done just in time, one-to-one, over the Internet.The trends and the challenges to capture the opportunities for producing printed materials in precise quantities with extremely fast turnaround— using variable text and graphics to create personalized, customized communications that address an audience of thousands, one at a time— with Internet services that provide global access to print services wherever and whenever they need them will be discussed.Market research has shown that customers want faster turnaround, shorter run lengths and digital solutions. Frank Romano of RIT says 33% of print jobs will require 24-hour turnaround within the next 3 years. Research shows 78% of all four-color print jobs have run lengths of less than 5,000, and analysts project digital color production prints will jump from 7 billion to 27 billion pages by 2004.Digital color printing continues to take the market by storm. It all began with 1st Generation digital color printing technology – a breakthrough five years ago, but has since been eclipsed in terms of speed and cost by 2nd Generation technology. This is where the action is today. 2nd Generation technology offers print speeds up to 75 ppm, low page costs of only 10 cents per page and high average print volumes. Just as the battle of the second generation is heating up, Xerox has already moved ahead with the DocuColor iGen3. This breakthrough third generation digital color printing technology attribute, that is a result of 1 billion in R&D investment, will be described in details. But the technology is only part of the story. Just as significant are the solutions, services and process innovations related to it, including new partnerships, content management, variable data and marketing initiatives.It is an exciting future. We see a high-end production market dominated by digital printing— both challenging as well as complementing offset technologies. We see dramatic new market opportunities driven by print-on-demand, customized content, one-to-one marketing, JIT and personalization. This future includes color in places it never existed before, where it was never affordable before. We see exciting new technologies like “EA” Toner, a new category of chemically produced dry inks that yield better quality and lower cost. So that's the future in The New Business of Printing™, but it's happening now.
Piezoelectric DOD (drop-on-demand) ink jet offers a promising combination of high productivity, high reliability and jetting uniformity characteristics (drop volume consistency, velocity characteristics and jet straightness) that are appropriate for jetting organic electronic materials. Because current commercial printheads do not meet the extremely high tolerances necessary for practical manufacturing processes, Spectra is designing a 128 jet printhead specifically for flat panel display (FPD) manufacturing. This paper describes the target specification and technology advancements required for the manufacture of flat panel displays. We will demonstrate the effect of fluid, waveform and head modification on the jetting properties of real polymer OLED (organic light emitting diode) fluids and show that this technology is a viable process for OLED display fabrication. This combination of tailored operating conditions with a purpose-built piezo printhead is proving to be key to meeting the goal of manufacturing high quality FPDs.
Non-Impact Color Printing can be seen everywhere: in the home, in the SOHO market (small office/home office), and in high-end industrial applications. Copiers, printers (laser/ink jet), and digital presses are available worldwide.Responsible for the color in electrophotographic toners or in ink jet inks are either pigments or dyes.Pigments are insoluble, so besides their chemical constitution (azo-, polycyclic-, phthalocyanine), various solid state parameters, like crystal structure, particle size and shape, and degree of crystallinity are also responsible for the properties.Depending on such parameters, a pigment with a given chemical structure may or may not be suitable for Non-Impact Printing (NIP).Since pigments are described and listed according to the Colour Index number, one Colour Index number can easily cover several hundred commercial products with very different properties.The Colour Index number is not enough to describe a pigment!Dyes are soluble either in water or in organic solvents, and are derived from a great variety of different chemical classes. Here the chemical structure is mainly responsible for the coloristic properties.However, for ink jet ink application, a variety of different demands has to be fulfilled in order to avoid problems like nozzle clogging, cogation, etc. One consequence of these demands is that in addition to existing traditional dyes (= Colour Index dyes), new Ink Jet dyes based on completely new chemistries are required.This contribution will present state-of-the-art for pigments and dyes in non-impact printing applications, as well as upcoming new developments. The various chemical classes are explained. Technical aspects like coloristic and fastness properties, purity requirements for ink jet inks, and electrostatic charging influence in powder toner applications are discussed.The presentation will focus on how pigments and dyes can be tailored for NIP applications. Selected examples will demonstrate aspects like pigment particle shape (e.g. cubic or needle), particle surface charge (e.g. cationic or anionic), and their correlation to the application properties.Newer technologies like polymerisation toners or photorealistic ink jet and their influence on NIP-pigments and NIP-dyes are discussed.In addition, the importance of chemical legislation and some of the most recent environmental and toxicological aspects of colorants will be covered.
New-type organic transistors based on the charge injection process at organic/metal interface were proposed and demonstrated. The device was composed of an organic deposited film sandwiched by two metal electrodes and the third stripe-shaped electrode embedded in the organic film. The output current corresponding to collector current was modulated by the applied voltage of the third electrode corresponding to base electrode, and current amplification factor of hFE reached 20. The transistor operation was attributed to the electron injection caused by accumulation of holes supplied from the base electrode. The current amplification was observed up to about 100 Hz in the frequency response measurement.
By placing a thin wire near a coated conducting substrate one can generate high electric fields approaching 30 V/μm. These high electric fields can be used to detach toners from a donor roll in a development nip which can subsequently be developed with smaller electric fields from a latent image. Toners typically have large variations in shape, size, and charge, and thus adhesion. A DC voltage on the wire removes only a small proportion of the particles. If alternatively positive and negative voltages are applied to the wire, the particles removed during the attractive part of the pulse are pushed back to the substrate when the voltage flips. The particle impacts loosen up the remaining particles and the next voltage flip removes more particles. By photographing the area under the wire with a digital camera, we can determine the mass removed as a function of distance from the wire. We use this information to monitor the fraction of particles remove as a function of voltage, frequency, number of particles on the substrate and number of pulses in order to extract the physics of the bombardment process. We find that bombardment can completely remove all particles from the substrate, even when a small fraction are initially removed.
A new linear head is being developed, using Telegen Display Corporation's HGED technology, to expose Cycolor instant photographic media in a compact digital printer. Some of the design criteria used in the development of the new head to optimize the quality of the final picture are reviewed in this paper. The spectral characteristics of the red, green and blue phosphor emissions need to be matched to the spectral absorption characteristics of the corresponding photo-initiators employed in the microcapsules of the Cycolor photographic media to minimize exposure cross-talk. The intensity of the phosphor emissions also needs to be high to obtain the required print speed of 20 seconds. The selection of each of the phosphors needs to take both of these criteria into account. Specific details in the selection of the red phosphor system are provided.