The toner deformation simulation based on the finite element method and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method has been used to calculate the hot offset in the fuser process. The viscoelasticity of toner, the adhesion force between toner and the material contacting the toner, and the fuser condition are taken into account. The method is able to calculate the toner deformation in the process of pressurization and strain in fusers, and the simulation results have reproduced the hot offset in fusers. When the method is used to estimate the hot offset level, the dependency of image density on the hot offset level matches experimental results.
Kyohei Kato, Takuma Onishi, Masaki Kouno, Hiroki Eguchi, Yasunari Kobaru, Yasuo Yoda, "Hot Offset Simulation in Fuser Process" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies and Digital Fabrication (NIP30), 2014, pp 61 - 64, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2014.30.1.art00017_1