A piezo inkjet printer was built for the rapid printing of hydrogels and other biological materials. Materials printed included the synthetic polymers; poly-diallyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride and polystyrene sulfonate, and the naturally occurring polymers chitosan and alginate.Using these polymers, the printer was able to create robust hydrogels of size 17mm x 17mm x 2 mm high in under five minutes. This speed and size of production is of relevance in enabling tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and other technologies. Furthermore - live cells were successfully jet by the same printer, and could withstand the printing forces and remained viable in printed hydrogels for several days after printing.
Don McCallum, Cameron Ferris, Paul Calvert, Marc in het Panhuis, Gordon Wallace, "Rapid Deposition of Hydrogel Layers by Inkjet Printing" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies and Digital Fabrication (NIP26), 2010, pp 554 - 557, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2010.26.1.art00047_2