A system using interaction of evanescent light wave with particles in a liquid (such as ink) allows one to observe accumulation and stability of such particles at and in the vicinity of a surface. Particles can be moved either by electric field between electrodes, or by charge injected into the liquid by charge generator. Observation is sensitive only to particles within less than 1 micron of the interface, so observation can be made with an arbitrary thickness of fluid sample. This kind of system is ideal for investigating device life limiting interaction between colorants and substrates in displays. We show that adhesion to electrodes can dominate motion of pigments in display applications.
Henryk Birecki, Thomas C. Anthony, "Evanescent Wave Based System for Observation of Injected Charge and Field Induced Electrophoresis" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies and Digital Fabrication (NIP25), 2009, pp 699 - 702, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2009.25.1.art00080_2