The statistical distributions of toner adhesive force Fa and detach field Ed, arising from distributions in toner radius r and charge density q are examined mathematically. The widening of Fa distribution and the narrowing of Ed distribution, compared to r and/or q distributions, have been predicted. Since Ed is a quantity more relevant than Fa in electrophotography, this finding suggests that the effects of toner size and/or charge dispersions on toner adhesion in electrophotography may be weaker than generally expected.
Inan Chen, "Statistical Analyses of Adhesive Forces on Electrophotographic Toners" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP19), 2003, pp 36 - 40, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2003.19.1.art00011_1