The break-off of an ink-jet is considered in terms of momentum fluctuations in the jet. The indications were that non-linear minima and peaks in the break-off length, with respect to modulation level, were due to the jet relaxation and interaction between the jet boundary layer and modulation wave. The momentum fluctuations in the jet were measured with a sensitive resonant force transducer.A commercial CFD free-surface modeling package was also used to obtain a deeper insight into the jet dynamics, than is available by experimental and analytical methods.
Geoffrey Luxford, "Momentum Fluctuations in and Break-up of an Ink-Jet" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP15), 1999, pp 26 - 30, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.1999.15.1.art00008_1