A psychophysical experiment was conducted to investigate the whiteness boundary for surface colors. Forty-four color normal observers evaluated the whiteness appearance of 88 color samples using a forced-choice and a magnitude of estimation method under four lighting conditions (i.e., 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6500K) whose spectral power distributions were carefully designed to have strong violet radiation, create obvious blue appearances for the samples with FWAs. The data collected was combined with those from the two recent studies to fit ellipoides in color spaces to define the whiteness boundary for each CCT levels. It was found that the whiteness boundaries are different for different CCT levels. Samples that have a hue of blue and high chroma simultaneously were still judged as white under the 3000K illumination.
Yuzhao Wang, Minchen Wei, Ming Ronnier Luo, "Whiteness Boundary for Surface Colors" in Proc. IS&T 25th Color and Imaging Conf., 2017, pp 98 - 102, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-2629.2017.25.98