Technology for various devices and for each component in these devices must work together, even when many different manufacturers produce similar technology. For example, in the field of smart phones, all manufacturers, such as Samsung, Apple, Oppo, LG, etc. all must operate on common cellular networks, Wi-Fi networks, and, typically, additionally operate using Bluetooth technology for peripherals such as ear buds and printers. To be marketable, these devices must comply with "standards" that allow these devices to communicate and/or interact with each other to obtain the desired functionality. The standards may involve many hundreds of patents or more that cover the individual technologies.