Three-dimensional (3D) printing is one of the fast-growing printer fields and the most popular & simplest method is known as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) or Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). The process is to heat up a thermoplastic material to the melting point by a heating device and extrudes the melted material through a small hole. The extruded material is placed, layer by layer, to create a three-dimensional object. The heating device is referred to as a "hotend" in industry. We found our patented temperature-controllable heating devices to be an excellent match for this application. There are many hotends on market today for the materials with lower (low to mid-200°C) temperature range. However, the market is in need for high temperature (400°C∼500°C) hotend which is compatible with the materials with higher mechanical strength and durability. This type of material is known as super engineering plastic such as PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone), TPI (Thermoplastic Polyimide) and so on. We developed a unique heater which is the hotend key part for the high temperature application. Our heating element is integrated on a ceramic substrate and it doubles as the temperature sensor. The heating element has a high TCR (Temperature Coefficient of Resistance) – positive 3300 ppm/°C. The temperature change can be detected easily by monitoring the driving current of the element. Another part is that the hotend body is made of single low thermal conductive metal (Titaniumalloy) piece rather than multiple materials. Heating is done "as needed" base since the characteristics of the heater is "on-demand-heating-like" and the Titanium-alloy body acts as the heat-break so that the big cooling system is not required.
Hideo Taniguchi, Nobuhisa Ishida, Jiro Oi, "New and Unique Hotend for 500 °C Range 3D FDM/FFF Usage" in Proc. IS&T Printing for Fabrication: Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP34), 2018, pp 49 - 52, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2018.34.49