The exact form of the charge distribution on toner or carrier particles is a subject of some importance due to the effect of this distribution on forces between these particles and adjacent surfaces. The properties of some simple discrete and continuous charge distributions adjacent a conductive surface are calculated.
Eric Stelter, "Properties of Continuous and Discrete Electrostatic Charge Distributions" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies and Digital Fabrication (NIP25), 2009, pp 256 - 256, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2009.25.1.art00071_1