Through both physical experiments and detailed computer simulations, we examine some of the underlying causes of image noise in dry-powder xerography. Although examples are drawn from common electrographic technologies, such as powder-cloud jumping development, our goal is to identify and quantify the limits of toner-based printing systems without regard to any specific product-intent hardware. Understanding and modeling the principle forces between charged toner particles (and surfaces) allows us to simulate complex self-organizing structures that evolve during the development process. It is hoped that studying how these structures form, and how toner properties affect their formation, will lead to improved dry-powder printing technologies that rival lithography.
John G. Shaw, Dale Mashtare, Paul Morehouse, Michael Thompson, John Knapp, "Image Noise in Dry Powder Electrophotography" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies and Digital Fabrication (NIP24), 2008, pp 467 - 470, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2008.24.1.art00003_2