High-resolution, short flash duration photography (with flash duration of 20 ns) has been used to determine the profiles of emergent jets from a drop-on-demand print-head. By quantitatively analysing these profiles the development of fluid flows and velocities within the evolving jet can be followed.Various features of the forming drop and ligament have been examined in some detail. This close observation shows that the ligament forms in a characteristic cone shape which is disturbed at later stages by the end of the ligament moving away from the centre of the nozzle and by the bunching of material within the tail leading to break off and satellite formation.
Graham D. Martin, Ian M. Hutchings, Stephen D. Hoath, "Jet Formation and Late-Stage Ligament Instability in Drop-on-Demand Printing" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP22), 2006, pp 95 - 98, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2006.22.1.art00024_1