Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out on the bead-carry-out phenomenon of electromagnetic bead chains in two-component development process of electrophotography. Electrostatic pull-off characteristics were measured in a magnetic field and then it was clarified how the critical pull-off field intensity to break chains and the amount of pulled-off carriers depended on the bead diameter and the magnetic field. Magnetic bonding force and electrostatic pull-off force were estimated numerically to discuss these experimental results. It was clarified that the bead-carry-out phenomenon can be predicted qualitatively from the comparison of calculated magnetic force and electrostatic force.
Nobuyuki Nakayama, Yoichi Watanabe, Yasuaki Watanabe, Hiroyuki Kawamoto, "Experimental and Numerical Study on the Bead-Carry-Out in Two-Component Development Process in Electrophotography" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP19), 2003, pp 69 - 73, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2003.19.1.art00019_1