Experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out on statics of electromagnetic bead chains in an electromagnetic field. Chains formed on a solenoid coil were observed by a digital microscope and lengths and slant angles of chains were measured. Numerical calculations of chain forming process in the magnetic field were also conducted with the three-dimensional Distinct Element Method in consideration of the force due to magnetic interaction between particles. The chain forming process and the configuration of chains were simulated quantitatively. The axial bonding force of the chain in the electromagnetic field, which strongly relates to a bead-carry-out phenomenon in a magnetic brush development system, was also discussed.
Nobuyuki Nakayama, Hiroyuki Kawamoto, Satoshi Yamada, Akiko Sasakawa, "Statics of Electromagnetic Bead Chains in Electromagnetic Field" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP18), 2002, pp 742 - 747, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2002.18.1.art00079_2