A planar-electrode method was used to identify the charge transport mechanisms in moderately conductive carriers and developers via DC current-voltage (I-V) and transient measurements. High-voltage I-V behaviour of coated carriers is non-linear due to trap-controlled space charge limited conduction in the insulative coating, and the Poole-Frenkel conduction of the core. It is shown that I-V data for carriers and developers can be potentially used to determine various material parameters such as coating thickness, surface coverage and toner conductivity.
Vladislav Skorokhod, Richard P. N. Veregin, Michael S. Hawkins, "Electrical Conduction in Moderately Conductive Xerographic Carriers and Developers" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP16), 2000, pp 599 - 602, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2000.16.1.art00045_2