Toner transfer to an intermediate web or roller is currently practiced in several commercial electrophotographic color printers. Here, we examine the electrostatics of toner transfer to an intermediate using a one-dimensional continuum model. The model calculates the time evolution of electric fields and ionization currents in and around the transfer nip. Discussed in detail are the effects of nip width, toner stack height, pre-transfer erase, and the resistivity of the intermediate on the electric fields responsible for toner transfer, in addition to the unwanted artifacts resulting from both premature toner transfer and ionization in and around the transfer nip.
Thomas N. Tombs, "Electrostatic Toner Transfer to an Intermediate: Results from a Continuum Model" in Proc. IS&T Int'l Conf. on Digital Printing Technologies (NIP14), 1998, pp 440 - 443, https://doi.org/10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.1998.14.1.art00027_2