In order to reconstruct and identify three-dimensional (3D) images, an image identification algorithm based on a deep learning compensation transformation matrix of main component feature dimensionality reduction is proposed, including line matching with point matching as the base, 3D reconstruction of point and line integration, parallelization automatic differentiation applied to bundle adjustment, parallelization positive definite matrix system solution applied to bundle adjustment, and an improved classifier based on a deep compensation transformation matrix. Based on the INRIA database, the performance and reconstruction effect of the algorithm are verified. The accuracy rate and success rate are compared with L1APG, VTD, CT, MT, etc. The results show that random transformation and re-sampling of samples during training can improve the performance of the classifier prediction algorithm under the condition that the training time is short. The reconstructed image obtained by the algorithm described in this study has a low correlation with the original image, with high number of pixels change rate (NPCR) and unified average changing intensity (UACI) values and low peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) values. Image reconstruction effect is better with image capacity advantage. Compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm has certain advantages in accuracy and success rate with stable performance and good robustness. Therefore, it can be concluded that image recognition based on the dimension reduction of principal component features provides good recognition effect, which is of guiding significance for research in the image recognition field.