A numerical integration method is used to simulate the motion of a group of toner particles under the influence of multiple force fields and elastic collisions as the particles travel from a developer sleeve to a paper surface. Forces and force fields acting on the toner particles are described in equation form and entered into a personal computer application program for integration in selectable time steps. A representative simulation is described using a TonerJet print zone as an example.
Jerome Johnson, "Dynamic Simulation of Toner Particle Motion in a TonerJet Printer" in Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 1996, pp 372 - 375, https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.1996.40.4.art00018