This document provides an overview of the 32nd Stereoscopic Displays and Applications conference and also serves as an introduction to the conference proceedings.

A major limitation of acousto-optic (AO) modulator-based holographic displays is their inability to present full-parallax. We propose that full-parallax capabilities can be added to these displays by integrating electro-optic (EO) modulators into the architecture. We validated this concept by rendering computational models and by fabricating and testing EO deflection devices in lithium niobate. Our models suggest that an AO/EO modulator that yields an EO deflection range of 18.2° using less than 5 V can be fabricated given the limitations of standard photolithography and lithium niobate waveguides. Actual deflection ranges were measured from our fabricated devices and were compared to those that were derived from our model. In the worst case, the experimental results differed by about 16% compared to the corresponding theoretical result. In the best case, the error was smaller than our measurement tolerances. The work we have performed sets the stage for the first instance of an integrated electro-optic/acousto-optic modulator for holographic displays.

A layered light-field display is composed of several liquid crystal layers located in front of a backlight. The light rays emitted from the backlight intersect with different pixels on the layers depending on the outgoing directions. Therefore, this display can show multi-view images (a light field) in accordance with the viewing direction. This type of displays can also be used for head-mounted displays (HMDs) thanks to its dense angular resolution. The angular resolution is an important factor, because sufficiently dense angular resolution can provide accommodation cues, preventing visual discomfort caused by vergence accommodation conflict. To further enhance the angular resolution of a layered display, we propose to replace some of the layers with monochrome layers. While keeping the pixel size unchanged, our method can achieve three times higher resolution than baseline architecture in the horizontal direction. To obtain a set of color and monochrome layer patterns for a target light field, we developed two computation methods based on non-negative tensor factorization and a convolutional neural network, respectively.

In this paper we propose a solution for view synthesis of scenes presenting highly non-Lambertian objects. While Image- Based Rendering methods can easily render diffuse materials given only their depth, non-Lambertian objects present non-linear displacements of their features, characterized by curved lines in epipolar plane images. Hence, we propose to replace the depth maps used for rendering new viewpoints by a more complex “non- Lambertian map” describing the light field?s behavior. In a 4D light field, diffuse features are linearly displaced following their disparity, but non-Lambertian feature can follow any trajectory and need to be approximated by non-Lambertian maps. We compute those maps from nine input images using Bezier or polynomial interpolation. After the map computation, a classical Image- Based Rendering method is applied to warp the input images to novel viewpoints.

Currently, no low cost commercial 3D active glasses with embedded eye tracker are available despite the importance of 3D and eye tracking for numerous applications. In this context, a simple low cost eye tracker for 3D glasses with liquid crystal shutters is presented and tested for orthoptics applications. By using a beam splitter to better align the camera with the line of sight when the subject looks at a target in front of him at far range, the new design allows recording high quality images with limited pupil deformation when compared to other commercial eye trackers where the cameras can be far from this axis (head mounted or fixed). Such a design could be useful for various applications from orthoptics to virtual reality

Stereoscopic photography has a long history which started just a few years after the first known photo was taken: 1849 Sir David Brewster introduced the first binocular camera. Whereas mobile photography is omnipresent because of the wide distribution of smart phones, stereoscopic photography is only used by a very small set of enthusiasts or professional (stereo) photographers. One important aspect of professional stereoscopic photography is that the required technology is usually quite expensive. Here, we present an alternative approach, uniting easily affordable vintage analogue SLR cameras with smart phone technology to measure and predict the stereo base/camera separation as well as the focal distance to zero parallax. For this purpose, the StereoCompass app was developed which is utilizing a number of smart phone sensors, combined with a Google Maps-based distance measurement. Three application cases including red/cyan anaglyph stereo photographs are shown. More information and the app can be found at: <uri>http://stereocompass.i2d.uk</uri>

Stereo matching algorithms are useful for estimating a dense depth characteristic of a scene by finding corresponding points from stereo images of the scene. Several factors such as occlusion, noise, and illumination inconsistencies in the scene affect the disparity estimates and make this process challenging. Algorithms developed to overcome these challenges can be broadly categorized as learning-based and non-learning based disparity estimation algorithms. The learning-based approaches are more accurate but computationally expensive. In contrary, non-learning based algorithms are widely used and are computationally efficient algorithms. In this paper, we propose a new stereo matching algorithm using guided image filtering (GIF)-based cost aggregation. The main contribution of our approach is a cost calculation framework which is a hybrid of cross-correlation between stereo-image pairs and scene segmentation (HCS). The performance of our HCS technique was compared with state-ofthe- art techniques using version 3 of the benchmark Middlebury dataset. Our results confirm the effective performance of the HCS technique.

This paper describes a comparison of user experience of virtual reality (VR) image angles. 7 angles conditions are prepared and evaluated the user experience during viewing VR images with a headset by measuring subjective and objective indexes. Angle conditions were every 30 degrees from 180 to 360 degrees. From the results of the subjective indexes (reality, presence, and depth sensation), a 360-degree image was evaluated highest, and different evaluations were made between 240 and 270 degrees.In addition, from the results of the objective indexes (eye and head tracking), a tendency to spread the eye and head movement was found as the image angle increases.

Millions of Stereoscopic 3D capable TVs were sold into the consumer market from 2007 through to 2016. A wide range of display technologies were supported including rear-projection DLP, Plasma, LCD and OLED. Some displays supported the Active 3D method using liquid-crystal shutter glasses, and some displays supported the Passive 3D method using circularly polarised 3D glasses. Displays supporting Full-HD and Ultra-HD (4K) resolution were available in sizes ranging from 32" to 86" diagonal. Unfortunately display manufacturers eventually changed their focus to promoting other display technologies and 2016 was the last year that new 3D TVs were made for the consumer market. Fortunately, there are still millions of 3D displays available through the secondhand- market, however it can be difficult to know which displays have 3D display support. This paper will provide a listing of specifically Passive 3D TVs manufactured by LG, however it has been our experience that the 3D quality varied considerably from one display to another hence it is necessary to qualify the quality of the 3D available on these displays using a testing technique that will be described in the paper.