Mutual Information (MI) is emerging as a very strong metric for image registration purposes in the literature. It has many applications from remote sensing to medical image registration. From this wide range of use of MI, images are mostly expressed in different numbers of bits (high dynamic range) especially in medical and satellite imaging. In such cases, contrast enhancement becomes inevitable before MI-based image registration since all the images should be in the same intensity range. The change in intensities in images will directly affect MI metric. Contrast enhancement methods also have a significant effect on the registration performance due to MI metric and this problem is not sufficiently addressed in the literature. In this paper, the effect of the outstanding contrast enhancement methods is examined on image registration performance. For this purpose, high dynamic range satellite images were used and Monte Carlo tests were performed. They are tried to be aligned with MI and constrained optimization by linear approximations (COBYLA) optimization algorithm. Consequently, it is found that contrast enhancement methods have an effect on MI-based image registration. It is concluded that Laplacian of Gaussian unsharp blending masks (LoGUnsarp), adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) methods have better registration performance. They can be preferred in such registration purposes.
The dead leaves image model is often used for measurement of the spatial frequency response (SFR) of digital cameras, where response to fine texture is of interest. It has a power spectral density (PSD) similar to natural images and image features of varying sizes, making it useful for measuring the texture-blurring effects of non-linear noise reduction which may not be well analyzed by traditional methods. The standard approach for analyzing images of this model is to compare observed PSDs to the analytically known one. However, recent works have proposed a cross-correlation based approach which promises more robust measurements via full-reference comparison with the known true pattern. A major assumption of this method is that the observed image and reference image can be aligned (registered) with subpixel accuracy. In this paper we study the effects of registration errors on the calculation of texture-based SFR and its derivative metrics (such as MTF50), in order to determine how accurate this registration must be for reliable results. We also propose a change to the dead leaves cross-correlation algorithm, recommending the use of the absolute value of the transfer function rather than its real part. Simulations of registration error on both real and simulated observed images reveal that small amounts of misregistration (as low as 0.15px) can cause large variability in MTF curves derived using the real part of the transfer function, while MTF curves derived from the absolute value are significantly less affected.