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<article article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="aggregator">72010604</journal-id>
      <journal-title>Electronic Imaging</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2470-1173</issn><issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Society for Imaging Science and Technology</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>7003 Kilworth Lane, Springfield, VA 22151 USA</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2020.16.AVM-258</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="sici">2470-1173(20200126)2020:16L.2581;1-</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ei_24701173_v2020n16_input/s23.xml</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">/ist/ei/2020/00002020/00000016/art00022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Active Stereo Vision for Precise Autonomous Vehicle Control</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Feller</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Hyun</surname>
            <given-names>Jae-Sang</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Song</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date>
        <day>26</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2020</volume>
      <issue>16</issue>
      <fpage>258-1</fpage>
      <lpage>258-6</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>
          <italic>This paper describes the development of a low-cost, lowpower, accurate sensor designed for precise, feedback control of an autonomous vehicle to a hitch. The solution that has been developed uses an active stereo vision system, combining classical stereo vision with a low cost, low
 power laser speckle projection system, which solves the correspondence problem experienced by classic stereo vision sensors. A third camera is added to the sensor for texture mapping. A model test of the hitching problem was developed using an RC car and a target to represent a hitch. A control
 system is implemented to precisely control the vehicle to the hitch. The system can successfully control the vehicle from within 35° of perpendicular to the hitch, to a final position with an overall standard deviation of 3.0 m m of lateral error and 1.5° of angular error.</italic>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Stereo vision</kwd>
        <kwd>3D imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>laser speckle</kwd>
        <kwd>vehicle control</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
