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<article article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="aggregator">72010604</journal-id>
      <journal-title>Electronic Imaging</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2470-1173</issn><issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Society for Imaging Science and Technology</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>7003 Kilworth Lane, Springfield, VA 22151 USA</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2019.6.MAAP-476</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="sici">2470-1173(20190113)2019:6L.4761;1-</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ei_24701173_v2019n6/s2.xml</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">/ist/ei/2019/00002019/00000006/art00005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Sparkle Impression Considering Observation Distance</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Shuhei</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Sone</surname>
            <given-names>Takuroh</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date>
        <day>13</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2019</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>476-1</fpage>
      <lpage>476-5</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>
          <italic>The sparkle impression is an important factor of appearance quality. The impression is generated by reflection from a material surface that contains metallic or pearl pigments. Although several methods of evaluating the impression have been proposed, there is insufficient correlation
 between the results of these methods and subjective evaluation because the impression depends on the observation distance. The present study developed a method of evaluating the sparkle impression considering the observation distance. To this end, a subjective evaluation experiment was performed
 for different observation distances and a measurement system comprising a spectral camera and lighting device was constructed. The evaluation model was proposed on the basis of the spatial frequency characteristics of the recorded image and human visual characteristics. The contribution ratio
 between subjective evaluation scores and evaluation values was high.</italic>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Appearance</kwd>
        <kwd>sparkle impression</kwd>
        <kwd>observation distance</kwd>
        <kwd>visual transfer function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
