Electrophotographic technology can be used for powder coating and printing on a variety of substrates, including metal. Advantages include: better uniformity and thinner coatings than conventional powder coating; the ability to prime, print colors, topcoat, and cure in a single pass through a curing system; the ability to use higher coating speeds than are generally used with liquids; reduced emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs); as well as reduced drying, curing, maintenance, and capital costs. This technology also enables production of nanocoatings and composite coatings with enhanced properties, such as improved chip and scratch resistance, chemical resistance, and heat resistance.