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<article article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="aggregator">72010410</journal-id>
      <journal-title>NIP &amp; Digital Fabrication Conference</journal-title>
      <abbrev-journal-title>nip digi fabric conf</abbrev-journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2169-4451</issn><issn pub-type="epub"/>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Society of Imaging Science and Technology</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>7003 Kilworth Lane, Springfield, VA 22151, USA</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.2002.18.1.art00071_1</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="sici">2169-4451(20020101)2002:1L.287;1-</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nip_v2002n1/splitsection71.xml</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">/ist/nipdf/2002/00002002/00000001/art00071</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The First Measurement of Cohesive Force Distributions in Powder Flow: New Insights into the Effect of Metal Oxide Surface Additives on Xerographic Toner</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Veregin</surname>
            <given-names>Richard P. N.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Lam</surname>
            <given-names>Mandy</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date>
        <day>01</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2002</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2002</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>287</fpage>
      <lpage>289</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>2002</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>The Hosokawa powder tester has been used for years to determine cohesion of bulk powders, including toner. For the first time a method is demonstrated to measure cohesive force distributions, rather than just average values, using the Hosokawa tester. The method is demonstrated for
 toner, varying surface additive composition and loading. Force distributions are shown to be generally log-normal. Both the mean and width of the distributions generally decrease with increased surface additive loading. Thus, better flow with additives decreases peak cohesion and distribution
 width.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
