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<article article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="aggregator">72010410</journal-id>
      <journal-title>NIP &amp; Digital Fabrication Conference</journal-title>
      <abbrev-journal-title>nip digi fabric conf</abbrev-journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2169-4451</issn><issn pub-type="epub"/>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Society of Imaging Science and Technology</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>7003 Kilworth Lane, Springfield, VA 22151, USA</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2352/ISSN.2169-4451.1999.15.1.art00067_1</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="sici">2169-4451(19990101)1999:1L.258;1-</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nip_v1999n1/splitsection67.xml</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">/ist/nipdf/1999/00001999/00000001/art00067</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Experimental Setup for Bucket Brigade Toner Transport</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Kober</surname>
            <given-names>Ralph</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib>
          <name>
            <surname>Hill</surname>
            <given-names>Bernhard</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date>
        <day>01</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>1999</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1999</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>258</fpage>
      <lpage>261</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-year>1999</copyright-year>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Traveling electrostatic waves rather than mechanical systems can be used to transport charged toner particles as a controlled aerosol. Extensive theoretical and experimental work on this subject has been done by Masuda, Schmidlin and Melcher et al. These authors used experimental setups
 with electrodes arranged in a grid structure. Multiple phase shifted sinusoidal voltages were applied to the groups of these electrodes to generate a traveling electrostatic wave.As an alternative to using sinusoidal voltages, we propose a new method. Charged toner particles are transported
 utilizing the bucket brigade principle as it is used in charged-coupled devices (CCD).For experimental work, a programmable 4-channel high voltage multiplexer has been developed which is able to switch voltages up to 1500 V. A traveling electrostatic wave suitable for toner transport is
 generated by multiplexing the voltages applied to groups of electrodes in an appropriate manner.In first promising experiments using a Masuda panel, particle transport was achieved with conductive, magnetic monocomponent toner. At low switching frequencies, the charged toner particles
 moved synchronously in the direction of the traveling wave. A critical frequency was found at which propagation in both directions appeared and above this frequency backwards transport was observed.</p>
      </abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
